Prevalencia de Entamoeba gingivalis y Trichomonas tenax en adolescentes de edad escolar / Prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax in school-age adolescents

Entamoeba gingivalis y Trichomonas tenaxson protozoos que generalmente se encuentran en la cavidad oral de los humanos. E. gingivalis vive en la superficie de los dientes y las encías, bolsas gingivales cerca de la base de los dientes y rara vez en las criptas de las amígdalas. Por lo general, se transmiten por contacto directo de una persona a otra al besarse, rociarse con gotas o compartir utensilios para comer. Se sabe que hasta el 95% de las personas con poca higiene bucal pueden estar infectadas con esta ameba. Por otro lado, Trichomonas tenax es una pequeña tricomona que generalmente se encuentra en la cavidad oral del 5 al 10% de los humanos. Aunque se consideran comensales anaeróbicos no patógenos, el refugio de este protozoo es más común entre personas con mala higiene bucal o enfermedades. Los informes epidemiológicos demostraron variables tasas de prevalencia de la infección por E. gingivalis entre los niños, y su ocurrencia puede variar de acuerdo a la edad, presencia de gingivitis, periodontitis y condiciones inmunosupresoras. Los niños y adolescentes en edad escolar son extremadamente susceptibles a una amplia gama de infecciones gingivales como bacterias y protozoos. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la prevalencia de los protozoarios E. gingivalis y T. tenax en adolescentes con edades comprendidas entre 10 y 19 años en una población de 185 pacientes de la ciudad peruana de Huancayo, Perú. La prevalencia fue mayor en la población femenina (14,05%) que en la población masculina (11,35%), con un mayor porcentaje de prevalencia entre las edades de 17 a 19 años (12,43%), pH salival menor a 6,7 y con enfermedades periodentales (16,22%). Los resultados estadísticos demostraron que la edad (p=0,001), pH salival (p=0,024) y diagnóstico de otras patologías periodentales (p<0,001) fueron estadísticamente significativas(AU)

Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax are protozoa that are usually found in the oral cavity of humans. E. gingivalis lives on the surface of the teeth and gums, gum pockets near the base of the teeth, and rarely in the crypts of the tonsils. They are usually spread by direct person-to-person contact through kissing, dousing, or sharing eating utensils. It is known that up to 95% of people with poor oral hygiene may be infected with this amoeba. On the other hand, Trichomonas tenax is a small trichomona that is usually found in the oral cavity of 5-10% of humans. Although they are considered non-pathogenic anaerobic commensals, the harborage of this protozoan is more common among people with poor oral hygiene or disease. Epidemiological reports have shown variable prevalence rates of E. gingivalis infection among children, and its occurrence may vary according to age, presence of gingivitis, periodontitis, and immunosuppressive conditions. School-age children and adolescents are extremely susceptible to a wide range of gingival infections including bacteria and protozoa. The objective of this work is to determine the prevalence of the protozoa E. gingivalis and T. tenax in adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19 in a population of 185 patients from the Peruvian city of Huancayo, Peru. The prevalence was higher in the female population (14.05%) than in the male population (11.35%), with a higher percentage of prevalence between the ages of 17 to 19 years (12.43%), lower salivary pH to 6.7 and with periodontal diseases (16.22%). The statistical results showed that age (p=0.001), salivary pH (p=0.024) and diagnosis of other periodontal pathologies (p<0.001) were statistically significant(AU)

Prevalencia de parasitosis intestinal en trabajadores de la florícola Irose de la provincia de Pichincha ­ Cantón Pedro Moncayo 2019 / Prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in workers of the irose florícola of the province of pichincha - Canton Pedro Moncayo

Las infecciones por parásitos intestinales son de ocurrencia constantes y se encuentran asociadas al incumplimiento de las medidas sanitarias por parte de la población. El objetivo de esa investigación fue establecer la prevalencia de parasitosis intestinal por protozoos y helmintos en trabajadores de la florícola iRose de la provincia de Pichincha-Cantón Pedro Moncayo mediante el examen coproparasitario realizado en el mes de agosto de 2019. Correspondió a un estudio transversal, descriptivo y de tipo observacional. La población estuvo integrada por 88 personas, quienes son trabajadores de la florícola iRose, Provincia de Pichincha, cantón Pedro Moncayo, distribuidos de la siguiente manera: 49 trabajadores del sexo masculino y 39 trabajadores del sexo femenino. La técnica de recolección de datos utilizada fue la encuesta y la observación directa y luego de obtener las muestras biológicas, la detección de parásitos intestinales se realizó mediante el método de coproparasitario en muestras heces. Los resultados evidencian presencia de protozoos en un 92.5% de las muestras estudiadas, mientras que el 7.5% presentan helmintos; mientras que el 40% de los estudios revelan quistes de endolimax nana, detectándose en el 25% de la muestra de los trabajadores de sexo masculino y con una presencia del 15% en los trabajadores del sexo femenino. Por lo que se recomienda realizar el examen coproparasitario al menos dos veces al año y paralelamente fortalecer las estrategias de promoción y prevención(AU)

Infections with intestinal parasites are of constant occurrence and are associated with non-compliance with health measures by the population. The objective of this research was to establish the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis by protozoa and helminths in la workers IRose flower farm of the province of Pichincha-Canton Pedro Moncayo through the coproparasitario examination carried out in august 2019. It corresponded to a cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study. The population was composed of 88 people, who are workers of the floricultural iRose, Province of Pichincha, canton Pedro Moncayo, distributed as follows: 49 male and 39 female workers. The data collection technique used was survey and direct observation and after obtaining biological samples, detection of intestinal parasites was performed using the coproparasitario method in fecal samples. The results showed the presence of protozoa in 92.5% of the samples studied, while 7.5% showed helminths; while 40% of studies reveal endolimax nana cysts, being detected in 25% of the sample of male workers and with a presence of 15% in female workers. Therefore, it is recommended to perform the coproparasitario examination less twice a year and in parallel strengthen strategies promotion and prevention(AU)

Prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en muestras de pacientes atendidos en el Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan", Argentina, 2018-2019 / Prevalence of intestinal parasites in samples of patients attending the Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan", Argentina, 2018-2019 / Prevalência de parasitas intestinais em amostras de pacientes atendidos no Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan", Argentina, 2018-2019

Resumen Se evaluaron retrospectivamente los resultados obtenidos de estudios parasitológicos en muestras de heces y escobillados anales remitidos al Laboratorio de Parasitología y Gastroenterología del Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan" de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El objetivo del trabajo fue conocer la prevalencia de los parásitos intestinales observados en las muestras remitidas a este hospital y su distribución en rangos etarios. En el período comprendido entre mayo de 2018 y abril de 2019 se analizó un total de 4713 muestras pertenecientes a 3311 pacientes, que arrojó un resultado total de 29% de positivos (1371/4713). De los exámenes coproparasitológicos el 30% fueron positivos (1193/4025) y se hallaron huevos de Enterobius vermicularis en el 26% (178/688) de los escobillados anales. En las muestras seriadas de heces se obtuvo un 37% de positividad mientras que en muestras únicas un 21%. En la totalidad de muestras fecales, los enteroparásitos más prevalentes fueron Blastocystis spp. en un 14% (579/4025), Giardia duodenalis 11% (456/4025) y Dientamoeba fragilis 7% (291/4025). Los resultados demostraron diferencias significativas con mayor prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en pacientes en edad escolar comprendidos entre los 6 y 10 años, en relación a los de edad preescolar. En las muestras fecales analizadas se evidenció un predominio de parasitismo de protozoos sobre helmintos, por lo que se debería considerar reforzar el diagnóstico de laboratorio de esas especies mediante técnicas, como coloraciones, que posibiliten su hallazgo y confirmación.

Abstract The results obtained of the coproparasitological studies and anal swab submitted to the laboratory of the Parasitology Section of the Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan" of the Buenos Aires City, Argentina, were retrospectively evaluated The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites found on the submitted samples and to evaluate their frequency according to the age of the patients. Within the period between May 2018 and April 2019, a total of 4713 samples corresponding to 3311 patients were analyzed and intestinal parasites were present in 29% (1371/4713). In 30% of coproparasitological studies parasite estructures were found (1193/4025) and 26% of anal swab samples were positive for the presence of Enterobius vermicularis eggs (178/688). In serial fecal samples, 37% positive results were obtained, while in single samples, 21%. The most prevalent enteroparasites calculated from the total fecal samples were: Blastocystis spp. with 14% (579/4025), followed by Giardia duodenalis 11% (456/4025) and Dientamoeba fragilis 7% (291/4025). The incidence of intestinal parasites was higher in the group of patients between 6 and 10 years, and the existence of significant differences between proportions of parasitized patients in preschool and school infants, was observed. In the faecal samples analyzed, a greater prevalence of parasitism caused by protozoa than by helminths was evidenced, for which reason it should be considered, reinforcing the laboratory diagnosis using techniques such as stains that allow its finding and confirmation.

Resumo Os resultados obtidos de estudos parasitológicos em amostras fecais e esfregaços anais enviados ao Laboratório de Parasitologia e Gastroenterologia do Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan" da Cidade de Buenos Aires, Argentina, foram avaliados retrospectivamente. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a prevalência dos parasitas intestinais observados nas amostras enviadas a este hospital e sua distribuição por faixas etárias. Durante o período compreendido entre maio de 2018 a abril de 2019 foram analisadas 4713 amostras, correspondentes a 3311 pacientes, o que deu um resultado total de 29% de positivos (1371/4713). 30% dos exames coproparasitológicos foram positivos (1193/4025) e foram encontrados ovos de Enterobius vermicularis em 26% (178/688) dos esfregaços anais. Nas amostras seriadas fecais foram obtidos 37% de resultados positivos, enquanto que em amostras únicas, 21%. Os enteroparasitas mais prevalentes na totalidade das amostras fecais foram Blastocystis spp. em 14% (579/4025), Giardia duodenalis 11% (456/4025) e Dientamoeba fragilis 7% (291/4025). Os resultados demonstraram diferenças significativas com maior prevalência de parasitas intestinais em pacientes em idade escolar da faixa etária entre 6 e 10 anos, em relação aos da pré-escola. Nas amostras fecais analisadas, evidenciou-se um predomínio de parasitismo por protozoários por sobre helmintos, pelo qual deve ser considerado o reforço do diagnóstico laboratorial dessas espécies por meio de técnicas, como colorações que permitam a sua localização e confirmação.

Frequência de enteroparasitos em mulheres não grávidas e seus filhos e grávidas atendidas em uma unidade de saúde / Frequency of enteroparasites in non-pregnant women and their children and pregnant women attended at a public health unit

As infecções parasitárias intestinais são amplamente distribuídas em todo o mundo e a população infantil é a mais afetada. A prevalência das infecções parasitárias intestinais materna e infantil de pacientes atendidos em uma unidade de saúde pública do município de Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais foi avaliada pela técnica de centrífugo sedimentação em formol-éter. A positividade foi de 41,7% para gestantes, 37,3% para mães e 35,7% em crianças. Endolimax nana (17,1%) e Giardia intestinalis (17,1%) foram os parasitos mais frequentemente detectados em crianças com idade inferior a dois anos e em gestantes (33,3%). Para as mães, G. intestinalis (20,3%) foi o parasito mais prevalente seguido de Entamoeba coli (17%). A infecção simultânea de mãe e filho foi detectada em 7 das 25 crianças infectadas. Apesar das ações de educação em saúde, melhoria no nível educacional e acesso a serviços médicos, a frequência de infecções por endoparasitas permanece alta. A literatura é escassa em relação ao tema e acredita-se que a deficiência na aplicação de medidas de educação sanitária possa fazer com que mães infectadas possam contribuir para a infecção parasitária de seus filhos, assim como os filhos podem ser fonte de infecção para suas mães.

Intestinal parasitic infections are widely distributed throughout the world and children are the most affected population. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of parasitic maternal and infant intestinal infection of patients attended at a public health unit in the municipality of Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais. The centrifugal-sedimentation in formol-ether was the technica used for stool analysis. Positivity was observed in 41.7% for pregnant women, 37.3% for mothers and 35.7% for children. Endolimax nana (17.1%) and Giardia intestinalis (17.1%) were the most frequently detected parasites in children under two-years old and pregnant women (33.3%). For mothers, G. intestinalis (20.3%) was the most prevalent parasite followed by Entamoeba coli (17%). Simultaneous infection of mother and child was detected in 7 of 25 infected children. Despite health educations actions, improvement in educational level, and access to medical services, the frequency of endoparasite infections remains high. Literature is scarce in relation to the present theme and it is believed that infected mothers can contribute for parasitic infection of their kids, just as children can be a source of infection for their mothers.

Vigilancia de paludismo en Argentina: 2005-2018 / Malaria surveillance in Argentina: 2005-2018

El paludismo o malaria es una enfermedad potencialmente mortal causada por la infección de una o más de cinco especies de parásitos protozoarios intracelulares: Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, y Plasmodium knowlesi, que se transmiten al ser humano por la picadura de mosquitos hembra infectados del género Anopheles. Se describen antecedentes, situación actual, casos notificados en Argentina, estratificación de riesgo de reintroducción de paludismo en el país, definición de casos sospechosos y confirmados, y acciones epidemiológicas realizadas

OCCURRENCE OF Blastocystis spp. IN UBERABA, MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL / Ocorrência de Blastocystis spp. em Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Intestinal parasites are a problem for public health all over the world. The infection with Blastocystis, a protozoan of controversial pathogenicity, is one of the most common among them all. In this study, the occurrence of intestinal parasites, with emphasis on Blastocystis, in patients at the Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro was investigated in Uberaba (MG) through microscopy of direct smears and fecal concentrates using Ritchie’s method. Feces of 1,323 patients were examined from April 2011 to May 2012. In 28.7% of them at least one intestinal parasite was identified, and the most frequent organisms were Blastocystis spp. (17.8%) and Giardia intestinalis (7.4%). The occurrence of parasitism was higher in children aged 6 -10 years old, and the infection with Blastocystis spp. was higher above the age of six (p < 0.001). The exclusive presence of G. intestinalis and of Blastocystis spp. was observed in 5.4% and 12.2% of the patients, respectively. Regarding patients with diarrheic feces, 8% revealed unique parasitism of Blastocystis spp. Other intestinal parasites observed in children were Ascaris lumbricoides (0.3%) and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii (1.4%). The Ritchie’s method was more sensitive (92.8%) when compared to direct microscopy (89.8%), with high agreement between them (97.7%, kappa = 0.92). In conclusion, the occurrence of Blastocystis spp. in Uberaba is high and the presence of diarrheic feces with exclusive presence of the parasite of Blastocystis spp. was observed.

Parasitos intestinais são um problema de saúde pública no mundo e a infecção por Blastocystis, protozoário de patogenicidade controversa, é uma das mais frequentes. Nesse estudo foi investigada a ocorrência de parasitos intestinais em pacientes atendidos na Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, em Uberaba (MG), com ênfase em Blastocystis, pelos métodos parasitológicos direto e de Ritchie. Foram examinadas fezes de 1.323 pacientes de abril/2011 a maio/2012. Em 28,7% deles foi identificado um parasito intestinal, sendo Blastocystis spp. (17,8%) e Giardia intestinalis (7,4%) os mais frequentes. A ocorrência de parasitismo foi maior em crianças de 6-10 anos e a infecção por Blastocystis spp. foi maior acima de seis anos (p < 0,001). Presença exclusiva de G. intestinalis e de Blastocystis spp. foi observada em 5,4% e 12,2% dos pacientes, respectivamente, sendo que dos pacientes com fezes diarreicas, 8% apresentavam parasitismo exclusivo por Blastocystis spp. Outros parasitos intestinais observados em crianças foram Ascaris lumbricoides (0,3%) e Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii (1,4%). O método de Ritchie foi mais sensível (92,8%) que o direto (89,8%), com alta concordância entre eles (97,7%, kappa = 0,92). Em conclusão, a ocorrência de Blastocystis spp. em Uberaba é elevada e foi observada a presença de fezes diarreicas com parasitismo exclusivo por Blastocystis spp.

Enteroparasitismo en Indígenas Terena en el Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil / Intestinal Parasitism in Terena Indigenous People of the Province of MatoGrossodoSul, Brazil

Objetivo Considerando que más de la mitad de la población mundial está infectada por protozoarios y helmintos intestinales, con alta prevalencia en las zonas más pobres, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar la prevalencia de los parasitismos entre indígenas de la etnia Terena, establecidos en el Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Metodología Se examinaron 134 muestras de heces de individuos de la comunidad indígena. Estas se conservaron en solución de Merthiolate-iodo-formol (MIF). Los exámenes de laboratorio fueron realizados por las técnicas de Hoffman, Pons y Janer; Willis y Kinyoun. Resultados Se identificaron infecciones por helmintos nematodos de las especies Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostomidae, Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, y Trichuris trichiura; cestodos de la especie Hymenolepis nana, y Taeniaspp. También por protozoarios de las especies Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli, y Entamoeba histolytica. De las muestras investigadas, 23,1% fueron negativas; de los 76,9 % parasitados hubo diferencia estadísticamente no significativa para el parasitismo en hombres y mujeres examinados, de unoa 33 años de edad, y sobre parasitismo mono específico, o con simultaneidad de especies. Como diversidad parasitaria fueron encontradas siete especies de helmintos nematodos y cestodos, y cinco de protozoarios Archamoebae, flagelados y enterozoários. Conclusiones Los resultados fueron la base para la orientación e intervención adecuada, revelando la necesidad de la implantación de medidas gubernamentales y socioeducativas para mejorar las condiciones de vida de esta comunidad...

Objective Considering that intestinal protozoans and helminths infect more than half of the world population, with high prevalence in the poorest regions, the objective of this study was to conduct parasitological research among indigenous Terena people established in the state of MatoGrosso do Sul. An inquiry was performed to find the incidence of parasitism in these communities. Methodology 134 aliquots of feces from individuals of the indigenous community were examined. Samples were conserved in Merthiolate-iodine-formol solution (MIF). The laboratory exams were carried out using the techniques of Hoffman, Pons and Janer; Willis and Kinyoun. Results We identified infections of nematode helminths of the species Ascarislumbricoides, Ancylostomidae, Enterobiusvermicularis, Strongyloidesstercoralis, and Trichuristrichiura; and cestodes of the species Hymenolepis nana and Taenia spp. Also found were the protozoan species: Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli, and Entamoebahistolytica. 23.1 % of the samples studied were negative. Of the 76.9 % of samples with parasites, there were non-statistically significant differences in parasitism between men and women examined between 1 and 33 years-of-age. There were also no significant differences between monospecific parasitism and with concurrent species. In terms of parasitic diversity, seven species of nematode and cestodeshelminths were found along with five species of Archamoebae protozoa: flagellates and enterozoans. Conclusions These results were the basis for orientation and appropriate drug intervention and reveal the need for the implementation governmental, social and educational measures to improve the living conditions of that community...

Prevalence of ittestinal parasites among food handlers in western Iann / La prevalencia de parasitos intestinales entre los manipuladores de alimentos en el oeste de Iran

Parasitic infection is one of the problems that affect human health, especially in developing countries. In this study, all of the fast food shops, restaurants, and roast meat outlets of Khorramabad (Western Iran) and all the staff employed by them, some 210 people, were selected through a census and their stools were examined for the presence of parasites. The parasitological tests of direct wet-mount, Lugol's iodine staining, formaldehyde-ether sedimentation and Trichrome staining techniques were performed on the samples. The data was analyzed with a chi-square test and logistic regression was selected as the analytical model. The results showed 19 (9%) stool specimens were positive for different intestinal parasites. These intestinal parasites included Giardia lamblia 2.9%, Entamoeba coli 4.3%, Blastocystis sp. 1.4%, and Hymenolepis nana 0.5%. There was a significant difference between the presence of a valid health card, awareness of transmission of intestinal parasites, participation in training courses in environmental health with intestinal parasites (p < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between the rate of literacy and gender among patients infected with intestinal parasites (p > 0.05). To control parasitic infection in food handlers, several strategies are recommended such as stool examinations every three months, public education, application of health regulations, controlling the validity of health cards and training on parasitic infection transmission. In this regard, the findings of the present study can be used as a basis to develop preventive programs targeting food handlers because the spread of disease via them is a common problem worldwide.

Infección parasitaria es uno de los problemas de salud humana, especialmente en los países en desarrollo. En este estudio, todas las tiendas de comida rápida, restaurantes, y tiendas de carne asada en Khorramabad (oeste de Irán) y todo el personal que trabaja en ellos, incluyendo 210 personas fueron seleccionadas a través de los censos y las heces fueron examinadas para detectar la presencia de parásitos. La prueba parasitológica directa de mojado de montaje, la tinción de Lugol's yodo, sedimentación formaldehído-éter y tricrómicas técnicas de tinción se realizaron sobre las muestras. Los datos fueron analizados con la prueba de chi-cuadrado y regresión logística seleccionado como el modelo analítico. Los resultados mostraron 19 (9%) muestras de heces fueron positivos para diferentes parásitos intestinales. Los parásitos intestinales incluyen Giardia lamblia 2.9%, Entamoeba coli 4.3%, Blastocystis sp. 1.4%, Hymenolepis nana 0.5%. Hubo diferencia significativa entre la presencia de la tarjeta sanitaria válida, el conocimiento de la transmisión de los parásitos intestinales, la participación en cursos de formación en materia de salud ambiental con parásitos intestinales (p < 0.05). No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la tasa de alfabetización y el sexo entre los pacientes infectados con parásitos intestinales (p > 0.05). Para controlar la infección parasitaria en los manipuladores de alimentos se recomiendan varias estrategias, tales como examen de heces cada tres meses, la educación pública, se aplican las normas sanitarias, el control de validez de la tarjeta sanitaria y la transmisión formación infección parasitaria. En este sentido, los resultados del presente estudio se pueden utilizar como una base para desarrollar programas de prevención dirigidos a los manipuladores de alimentos debido a la propagación de enfermedades a través de ellos es un problema común en todo el mundo.

Molecular Characterization of Various Trichomonad Species Isolated from Humans and Related Mammals in Indonesia

Trichomonad species inhabit a variety of vertebrate hosts; however, their potential zoonotic transmission has not been clearly addressed, especially with regard to human infection. Twenty-one strains of trichomonads isolated from humans (5 isolates), pigs (6 isolates), rodents (6 isolates), a water buffalo (1 isolate), a cow (1 isolate), a goat (1 isolate), and a dog (1 isolate) were collected in Indonesia and molecularly characterized. The DNA sequences of the partial 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene or 5.8S rRNA gene locus with its flanking regions (internal transcribed spacer region, ITS1 and ITS2) were identified in various trichomonads; Simplicimonas sp., Hexamastix mitis, and Hypotrichomonas sp. from rodents, and Tetratrichomonas sp. and Trichomonas sp. from pigs. All of these species were not detected in humans, whereas Pentatrichomonas hominis was identified in humans, pigs, the dog, the water buffalo, the cow, and the goat. Even when using the high-resolution gene locus of the ITS regions, all P. hominis strains were genetically identical; thus zoonotic transmission between humans and these closely related mammals may be occurring in the area investigated. The detection of Simplicimonas sp. in rodents (Rattus exulans) and P. hominis in water buffalo in this study revealed newly recognized host adaptations and suggested the existence of remaining unrevealed ranges of hosts in the trichomonad species.

Parasitic Infections Based on 320 Clinical Samples Submitted to Hanyang University, Korea (2004-2011)

We analyzed 320 clinical samples of parasitic infections submitted to the Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University from January 2004 to June 2011. They consisted of 211 nematode infections, 64 trematode or cestode infections, 32 protozoan infections, and 13 infections with arthropods. The nematode infections included 67 cases of trichuriasis, 62 of anisakiasis (Anisakis sp. and Pseudoterranova decipiens), 40 of enterobiasis, and 24 of ascariasis, as well as other infections including strongyloidiasis, thelaziasis, loiasis, and hookworm infecions. Among the cestode or trematode infections, we observed 27 cases of diphyllobothriasis, 14 of sparganosis, 9 of clonorchiasis, and 5 of paragonimiasis together with a few cases of taeniasis saginata, cysticercosis cellulosae, hymenolepiasis, and echinostomiasis. The protozoan infections included 14 cases of malaria, 4 of cryptosporidiosis, and 3 of trichomoniasis, in addition to infections with Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Giardia lamblia, and Toxoplasma gondii. Among the arthropods, we detected 6 cases of Ixodes sp., 5 of Phthirus pubis, 1 of Sarcoptes scabiei, and 1 of fly larva. The results revealed that trichuriasis, anisakiasis, enterobiasis, and diphyllobothriasis were the most frequently found parasitosis among the clinical samples.

Prevalence and risk factors for intestinal protozoa infection in elderly residents at Long Term Residency Institutions in Southeastern Brazil / Prevalência e fatores de risco para infecção por protozoários intestinais em idosos residentes nas Instituições de Longa Permanência no Sudeste do Brasil

This study determined the prevalence of intestinal protozoa in Long Term Residency Institutions for the Elderly (ILPI) in elders, nurses and food handlers, identifying the risk factors associated with the infections. Stool samples taken from the elderly (n = 293), nurses (63) and food handlers (19) were studied. Questionnaires were used with questions related to sociodemographic variables, health, behavior and health characteristics. Stool samples were examined using the techniques of Faust and Ziehl Neelsen, and the prevalence of G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., E. histolytica/dispar in the elderly was 4.0%, 1.0% and 0.3% respectively. Nurses and food handlers showed 4.8% and 5.2% positivity only for G. duodenalis, respectively. The origin of the individuals and contact with domestic animals has been associated with infection by G. duodenalis in the elderly, and contact with domestic animals was considered a risk factor for infection. The last stool examinations were related to Cryptosporidium spp.. None of the variables were associated with E. histolytica/dispar. The frequency of hand washing was significantly associated with G. duodenalis among nurses. The frequency of positive samples of G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., E. histolytica/dispar showed that ILPIs environments are conducive to this occurring due to contact between the elderly, nurses and food handlers, which are often poorly trained in hygiene procedures and food handling.

Este estudo determinou a prevalência de protozoários intestinais em Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI), enfermeiros, manipuladores de alimentos identificando fatores de risco associados às infecções. Amostras de fezes de idosos (n = 293), enfermeiros (63), manipuladores de alimentos (19) foram estudadas. Foram aplicados questionários relacionados a variáveis sociodemográficas, de higiene, comportamento e características de saúde. As amostras de fezes foram examinadas pelas técnicas de Faust e Ziehl Neelsen e a prevalência de G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., E.histolytica/dispar nos idosos foi de 4,0%, 1,0% e 0,3%, respectivamente. Enfermeiros e manipuladores de alimentos apresentaram 4,8% e 5,2% de positividade apenas para G. duodenalis, respectivamente. A origem dos indivíduos, o contato com animais domésticos foram associados à infecção por G. duodenalis nos idosos, sendo que o contato com animais domésticos foi considerado um fator de risco para a infecção, o tempo do último exame coproparasitológico foi relacionado a Cryptosporidium spp.. Nenhuma das variáveis apresentaram associação com E. histolytica/dispar. A frequência da lavagem das mãos foi associada significativamente com G. duodenalis entre enfermeiros. As frequências de amostras positivas para G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., E. histolytica/dispar demonstram que ILPIs são ambientes propícios para esta ocorrência devido ao contato entre idosos, enfermeiros, manipuladores de alimentos, que muitas vezes são mal treinados em procedimentos de higiene e manipulação de alimentos.

prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in the urban slums of a city in Western India

There is scant information available on the prevalence of parasitic infections in Gujarat, a state in Western India. The present community-based study was undertaken in the urban slums of a city in Gujarat to determine the following parameters: [a] the prevalence and type of pathogenic intestinal parasites and [b] the availability of sanitary facilities in the study population. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2008, and the study participants were urban slum dwellers. Considering an expected infection prevalence of 30% among slum dwellers, an allowable error of 10% and an anticipated design effect of two, the sample size for the cluster design was set to 1800 participants from 30 clusters and 360 households [HHs]. Stool samples were examined using both direct wet mount and the formalin-ether sedimentation concentration technique, followed by trichrome staining for protozoan cysts. Toilet facilities were utilized by 56% of the HHs, while 44% of the HHs resorted to open air defecation. The overall prevalence rate of intestinal parasitic infections was 15.19%. Parasitic infections due to protozoa were observed in 70.71% of the study participants. Helminth infections were detected in 25.71% of the participants, and multiple parasitic infections were detected in 3.57%. Diarrhea was the most common complaint [9.56%] in the study population. This study demonstrates that poor sanitation and inadequate environmental conditions are the main determining factors that predispose the population to intestinal parasites. Mass deworming programs are recommended for school children, as this population is easily accessible

Fatores associados à ocorrência de parasitoses intestinais em uma população de crianças e adolescentes / Factors associated with intestinal parasitosis in a population of children and adolescents / Factores asociados a la ocurrencia de parasitosis intestinales en una población de niños y adolescentes

Analisar a prevalência de infecções por parasitos intestinais em crianças e adolescentes matriculados em escolas de ensino fundamental no município de São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, e os fatores associados à infecção. MÉTODOS: Estudo epidemiológico seccional, realizado entre março/2008 e julho/2009. Foram realizados exames coproscópicos por sedimentação espontânea e Kato-Katz em 1.172 escolares. Foram ajustados modelos de regressão logística múltipla para o estudo dos fatores associados às infecções em geral e, separadamente, por helmintos e por protozoários. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de infecções foi de 29%, havendo uma variação de 7 a 83%, respectivamente, entre as escolas de menor e maior ocorrência. A presença de instalação sanitária no domicílio foi associada a uma ocorrência menor de helmintos; o aumento na idade dos escolares associou-se a uma maior ocorrência de protozoários e de parasitos em geral; enquanto a presença de filtro de água e a localização do domicílio em área urbana mostraram-se associadas a uma ocorrência menor dos três desfechos analisados. Em todas as regiões, foi registrado o consumo de medicação preventiva contra helmintos. CONCLUSÕES: Desigualdades nas condições de vida tornaram as prevalências diferenciadas entre as regiões do estudo. O estudo ressalta a necessidade de promover o uso de filtros de água nas residências de áreas endêmicas e de avaliar o consumo preventivo de medicamentos anti-helmínticos na dinâmica e na saúde dos indivíduos. Medidas de controle que levem em conta os fatores descritos devem ser prioritárias em nível de Saúde Pública.

To analyze the prevalence and the factors associated with intestinal parasites infections in children and adolescents enrolled in elementary schools from São João del-Rei, Southeast Brazil. METHODS: In this sectional study, coproscopic examinations were performed by spontaneous sedimentation and Kato-Katz techniques in 1,172 schoolchildren. Multivariate logistic regression models were adjusted for the study of factors associated with infections in general and separately for helminthes and protozoon. RESULTS: The prevalence of infection was 29%, ranging from 7 to 83% between schools of lower and higher occurrence respectively. The presence of toilets in the home was associated with a lower prevalence of helminths; the increasing age of the students was associated with a higher rates of protozoon and parasites in general, while the presence of water filter and living in urban area were associated with a lower prevalence of the three outcomes. In all regions, the consumption of preventive medication against helminths was recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Inequalities in living conditions have changed the prevalence of parasitosis differently among the study regions. The study underscores the need to promote the use of water filters in endemic areas houses and to evaluate the preventive use of anti-helminthic drugs in the dynamic of individual health. Control measures that take into account the factors described should be a priority.

Analizar la prevalencia de infecciones por parasitas intestinales en niños y adolescentes matriculados en escuelas de enseñanza primaria en el municipio de São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais (Brasil), y los factores asociados a la infección. MÉTODOS: Estudio epidemiológico seccional, realizado entre marzo/2008 y julio/2009. Se realizaron exámenes coproscópicos por sedimentación espontánea y Kato-Katz en 1.172 escolares. Se ajustaron modelos de regresión logística múltiple para el estudio de los factores asociados a las infecciones en general y, separadamente, por helmintos y protozoos. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de infecciones fue de 29%, habiendo una variación de 7 a 83%, respectivamente, entre las escuelas de menor y mayor ocurrencia. La presencia de instalación sanitaria en el domicilio fue asociada a una ocurrencia menor de helmintos; el aumento en la edad de los escolares se asoció a una mayor ocurrencia de protozoos y de parasitas en general; mientras que la presencia de filtro de agua y la ubicación del domicilio en área urbana se mostraron asociadas a una ocurrencia menor de los tres desenlaces analizados. En todas las regiones, se registró el consumo de medicación preventiva contra helmintos. CONCLUSIONES: Desigualdades en las condiciones de vida convirtieron las prevalencias diferenciadas entre las regiones del estudio. El estudio subraya la necesidad de promover el uso de filtros de agua en las residencias de áreas epidémicas y de evaluar el consumo preventivo de medicamentos anti-helmínticos en la dinámica de las infecciones y en la salud de los individuos. Medidas de control que tengan en cuenta los factores descritos deben ser prioritarias en nivel de Salud Pública.

A comparative study of the TF-Test®, Kato-Katz, Hoffman-Pons-Janer, Willis and Baermann-Moraes coprologic methods for the detection of human parasitosis

This study compares the diagnostic accuracy of the TF-Test® (TFT) for human parasitosis with results obtained using the traditional Kato-Katz (KK), Hoffman-Pons-Janer (HPJ), Willis and Baermann-Moraes (BM) techniques. Overall, four stool samples were taken from each individual; three alternate-day TFT stool samples and another sample that was collected in a universal container. Stool samples were taken from 331 inhabitants of the community of Quilombola Santa Cruz. The gold standard (GS) for protozoa detection was defined as the combined results for TFT, HPJ and Willis coproscopic techniques; for helminth detection, GS was defined as the combined results for all five coproscopic techniques (TFT, KK, HPJ, Willis and BM). The positivity rate of each method was compared using the McNemar test. While the TFT exhibited similar positivity rates to the GS for Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (82.4 percent) and Giardia duodenalis (90 percent), HPJ and Willis techniques exhibited significantly lower positivity rates for these protozoa. All tests exhibited significantly lower positivity rates compared with GS for the diagnosis of helminths. The KK technique had the highest positivity rate for diagnosing Schistosoma mansoni (74.6 percent), while the TFT had the highest positivity rates for Ascaris lumbricoides (58.1 percent) and hookworm (75 percent); HPJ technique had the highest positivity rate for Strongyloides stercoralis (50 percent). Although a combination of tests is the most accurate method for the diagnosis of enteral parasites, the TFT reliably estimates the prevalence of protozoa and selected helminths, such as A. lumbricoides and hookworm. Further studies are needed to evaluate the detection accuracy of the TFT in samples with varying numbers of parasites.

Opportunistic Parasites among Immunosuppressed Children in Minia District, Egypt

A total of 450 stool samples were collected from inpatient and outpatient clinics of Pediatric Department, Minia University Hospital, Minia District, Egypt. Two groups of patients were studied, including 200 immunosuppressed and 250 immunocompetent children. Stool samples were subjected to wet saline and iodine mounts. A concentration technique (formol-ether sedimentation method) was carried out for stool samples diagnosed negative by wet saline and iodine mounts. Samples were stained by 2 different methods; acid fast stain (modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain) and Giemsa stain. Total 188 cases (94%) were diagnosed positive for parasitic infections among immunosuppressed children, whereas 150 cases (60%) were positive in immunocompetent children (P<0.0001). The most common protozoan infection in immunosuppressed group was Cryptosporidium parvum (60.2%), followed by Blastocystis hominis (12.1%), Isospora belli (9.7%), and Cyclospora caytenensis (7.8%). On the other hand, Entamoeba histolytica (24.6%) and Giardia lamblia (17.6%) were more common than other protozoans in immunocompetent children.

Enteric parasites in HIV-1/AIDS-infected patients from a Northwestern São Paulo reference unit in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era / Enteroparasitas em pacientes infectados pelo HIV-1/AIDS em uma unidade de referência do noroeste paulista na era da terapia antirretroviral de alto impacto

INTRODUCTION: We describe the epidemiology of intestinal parasites in patients from an AIDS reference service in Northeastern São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Retrospective evaluation was done for all HIV-1/AIDS-positive patients whose Hospital de Base/São José do Rio Preto laboratorial analysis was positive for enteroparasites after diagnosis of HIV-1 infection, from January 1998 to December 2008. Statistical analysis was performed using the R statistical software version 2.4.1. The level of significance adopted was 5 percent. RESULTS: The most frequent protozoan was Isospora belli (4.2 percent), followed by Giardia lamblia (3.5 percent), Entamoeba coli (2.8 percent), and Cryptosporidium parvum (0.3 percent). Ancylostoma duodenale (1.4 percent) was the most frequently detected helminth, while Taenia saginata and Strongiloides stercoralis were found in 0.7 percent of the samples. The results showed that diarrhea was significantly associated with giardiasis and isosporiasis. However, no association was observed between CD4+ cell counts, viral load, and the characteristics of any particular parasite. CONCLUSIONS: Our data may be useful for further comparisons with other Brazilian regions and other developing countries. The data may also provide important clues toward improving the understanding, prevention, and control of enteric parasites around the world.

INTRODUÇÃO: Descrevemos a epidemiologia de enteroparasitoses em pacientes de um serviço de referência de AIDS, no noroeste paulista, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Durante o período de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2008, foi realizado este estudo retrospectivo por meio da análise dos prontuários dos pacientes diagnosticados com HIV-1/AIDS atendidos no Ambulatório de Doenças Infecto-Parasitárias do Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas usando a versão 2.4.1 do software estatístico R. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: O protozoário mais frequente foi o Isospora belli (4,2 por cento), seguido da Giardia lamblia (3,5 por cento), Entamoeba coli (2,8 por cento) e Criptosporidium parvum (0,3 por cento). O Ancylostoma duodenalis (1,4 por cento) foi o helminto mais detectado, enquanto a Taenia saginata e o Strongiloides stercoralis foram observados em 0,7 por cento das amostras. Os resultados mostraram que a diarreia foi significativamente associada com giardíase e isosporíase. Entretanto, nenhuma associação foi observada entre as contagens de células T CD4+, carga viral e da característica de qualquer parasita em particular. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos dados podem ser úteis para futuras comparações com outras regiões do Brasil e outros países em desenvolvimento. Os dados também podem fornecer pistas importantes para a melhoria da compreensão, prevenção e controle de parasitas entéricos em todo o mundo.

Cryptosporidium SPP: en niños sanos menores de 10 años de la comuna 18 de Cali, Colombia / Cryptosporidium spp. in healthy children under 10 years of the Commune 18, Cali, Colombia

Introducción: El Cryptosporidium spp. (C. spp.) es uno de los principales agentes causales de diarrea enniños. En Colombia, hay pocos estudios de prevalencia en niños sanos. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de C. spp. mediante ELISA en niños de Cali, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional de corte transversal en 107 niños sanos < 10 años, de la Comuna 18 de Cali, Colombia, quienes consultaron al Programa de Crecimiento y Desarrollo del Centro de Salud Lourdes. El análisis estadístico incluyó medidas de tendencia central, de dispersión y pruebas de asociación. Se incluyeron datos como edad, género, signos y síntomas, peso (P) y talla (T), y condiciones ambientales. Según las tablas de la NCHS fueron clasificados según grado de desnutrición (DNT). La identificación del C. spp., se realizó en materia fecal mediante la técnica de ELISA. Resultados: Fueron analizados 100 niños, 66% estrato 1, con edad = 4 años ± 2 meses, 50 niños, 30% en hacinamiento, 95% con agua potable, 85% con disposición de excretas, 52% con animales intradomiciliares, y 63% asisten a guardería o colegio. Ninguno de los niños C. spp. positivos, presentó síntomas. Tuvieron P = 16±6 kg y T = 97±18 cm, 40% con algún tipo de DNT. La prevalencia fue del 4% (IC 95% 0,1-7,89) sin diferencias significativas (p>0.05). Conclusiones: La prevalencia para C. spp. fue del 4% sin posibles asociaciones demográficas, ambientales o clínicas.

Introduction: Cryptosporidium spp. (C. spp.) is a major causative agents of diarrea in children. In Colombia, there are few prevalence studies in healthy children. Objective: To determine the prevalence ofC. spp. by ELISA in children of Cali, Colombia. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional observational in 107 healthy children < 10 years from the Commune 18 in Cali, Colombia, who consulted the Growth and Development Program of Centro de Salud Lourdes. Statistical analysis included measures of central tendency, dispersión and association tests. Data included age, gender,signs and symptoms, weight (W) and height (H), and environmental conditions. According to the NCHS tables were classified by degree of malnutrition (MNT). The identification of C. spp. was held in stool by ELISA. Results: 100 children were analyzed, 66% stratum 1, age = 4 years ± 2 months, 50 boys, 30% overcrowding, 95% with wáter, 85% with waste disposal, 52% with home animals, and 63% attend daycare or school. None of the children C. spp. positive had symptoms. The W were 16±6 kg and H were 97±18 cm, 40% were some form of MNT. The prevalence was 4% (95% CI 0.1 to 7,89) without significant differences (p>0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of C. spp. was 4% without any demographic, environmental or clinics associations.

Prevalence of intestinal parasites in preschool children in the region of Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil / Prevalência de parasitoses intestinais em crianças institucionalizadas na região de Uberlândia, Estado de Minas Gerais

INTRODUCTION: Children are an important high-risk group for helminth and protozoa infections. Daycare centers are environments where children have proven to be more susceptible to acquiring intestinal parasites. Thus, the purpose of this study was to verify the prevalence of intestinal parasites in children who attended the two daycare centers maintained by the local government of Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: Fecal samples were collected from 133 children (73 children at the Public Preschool for Early Childhood Education, PPECE A, and 60 at the PPECE B) following identification according to sex and age and agreement to participate by parents or guardians who signed the free, informed consent form. The samples were examined by the Lutz method. RESULTS: Coproparasitological tests performed on 133 children showed that 29.3 percent of them were parasitized for enteroparasites or commensals, 6.7 percent of the children presented polyparasitism. Among the protozoa, Giardia lamblia were the most prevalent and Hymenolepis nana were the most frequent among the helminths. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, analysis of the results showed that intestinal parasites still represent a public health problem, especially among children and in areas where the socioeconomic and educational conditions are less favorable.

INTRODUÇÃO: As crianças são importantes grupos de risco para infecções por helmintos e protozoários. Os centros de educação infantil são ambientes onde as crianças estão mais expostas à infecção por parasitas intestinais. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a prevalência de parasitas intestinais em crianças de duas creches mantidas pelo governo municipal de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Os exames coproparasitológicos foram realizados em 133 crianças (73 crianças da Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil - EMEI A e 60 da EMEI B), depois da identificação da criança de acordo com a idade e sexo, e concordância dos responsáveis através do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. As amostras foram examinadas pelo método de Lutz. RESULTADOS: Os exames coproparasitológicos demonstraram que 29,3 por cento delas estavam parasitadas por enteroparasitos ou comensais e 6,7 por cento das crianças apresentaram poliparasitismo. Entre os protozoários, Giardia lamblia foi o mais prevalente, enquanto Hymenolepis nana foi mais frequente dentre os helmintos. CONCLUSÕES: Assim, podemos observar que as parasitoses intestinais ainda representam um problema de saúde pública, especialmente entre as crianças e em áreas onde as condições socioeconômicas e educacionais são menos favoráveis.

Enteroparasite contamination in peridomiciliar soils of two indigenous territories, State of Paraná, southern Brazil / Contaminación por enteroparásitos en el suelo peridomiciliar de dos territorios indígenas del estado de Paraná, en el sur del Brasil

OBJECTIVES: To determine 1) the degree of soil contamination by parasites; 2) the prevalence of contaminated samples; 3) the overall number of parasitic forms, by distance between the collection site and the domicile; 4) the mean number of parasite forms per peri-household area; and 5) the variables associated with the total number of parasite forms. METHODS: Soil samples were collected in the peridomicile of 18 (out of a total sample of 63) and 22 (out of 190) residences of the Faxinal and Ivaí indigenous territories (ITs), respectively, from March 2005 through October 2006, and evaluated by the methods of Baermann, modified Faust et al., and Lutz. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of samples contaminated by enteroparasites of humans or of animals with zoonotic potential was 75.7 percent (84 out of 111) in Faxinal and 96.2 percent (127 out of 132) in Ivaí. The most prevalent parasites were Ascaris spp., Isospora spp., and Toxocara spp. Positive statistical associations were observed between the number of parasitic forms per domicile and the following variables: time of year (season), the presence of bathrooms in the domicile, and the presence of excrement on peridomiciliar soil. CONCLUSIONS: The high level of soil contamination in Faxinal and Ivaí 1) constitutes a potential source of parasitic infection and 2) suggests that the treatment of human and animal excreta continues to be inadequate.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar: 1) el grado de contaminación parasitaria del suelo; 2) la prevalencia de muestras contaminadas; 3) el número general de formas parasitarias, en función de la distancia entre el sitio donde se tomaron las muestras y el domicilio; 4) el número promedio de formas parasitarias por área peridomiciliar y 5) las variables relacionadas con el número total de formas parasitarias. MÉTODOS: Se recogieron muestras del suelo de los alrededores de 18 (de una muestra total de 63) y 22 domicilios (de una muestra total de 190) situados en los territorios indígenas Faxinal e Ivaí, respectivamente, entre marzo del 2005 y octubre del 2006. Las muestras se evaluaron mediante los métodos propuestos por Baermann, Faust et al. (modificado) y Lutz. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia general de las muestras contaminadas por enteroparásitos humanos o animales que se consideraron de potencial zoonótico fue de 75,7 por ciento (84 de 111) en Faxinal y de 96,2 por ciento (127 de 132) en Ivaí. Las especies de parásitos más prevalentes fueron Ascaris, Isospora y Toxocara. Se observó una asociación estadística positiva entre el número de formas parasitarias halladas en los alrededores de cada domicilio y las siguientes variables: la época del año (estación), la existencia de baños domiciliarios y el hallazgo de excremento en el suelo peridomiciliar. CONCLUSIONES: La gran contaminación del suelo hallada en Faxinal e Ivaí constituye una posible fuente de infección parasitaria e indica que sigue siendo insuficiente el tratamiento de los excrementos de seres humanos y animales.